Science and human life

# Science and human life

    There is a big difference between the life of a nomadic man living a nomadic life and the life of a man in today's age of science who leaps into space.
        During the early millennia, man made some important discoveries.  These included making tools, building fires, using wheels, farming knowledge, and so on.  This kind of knowledge made man's daily life somewhat happier and more stable.  In recent times, especially in the four centuries since the sixteenth century, many discoveries have been made in various branches of science, such as physiology, astronomy, and physics.  Machines and equipment were invented so that these inventions could be put to practical use in the daily life of man.  It made man's life happier.
             In the twentieth century, one revolutionary discovery after another began.
            The Wright brothers invented the plane.  So man also began to travel through the sky.  The speed of travel also increased.  High-speed aircraft are man-made. Advances in aviation today have connected the countries of the world to each other by air.  Man used this invention for good as well as bad deeds.  For the first time in World War II, aircraft were used extensively to drop bombs on the enemy.  As a result of this war, a large number of lives and property were destroyed.

##Atomic energy:

   The discovery of nuclear power has made it possible to generate electricity. Stem is also used today in various fields such as diagnostics, treatment, agricultural research; But nuclear power was also used destructively. The United States used atomic bombs against Japan at the end of World War II. Thousands died and some were permanently displaced.

## space research

      The discovery of rockets encouraged the work of space exploration. With the help of rockets, it was possible to send artificial satellites into space. With the help of satellites, we have got the facilities like accurate weather forecasting, measuring the forest cover of the earth, giving advance warning of natural calamities, establishing interconnected telephone and television communications in countries around the world. Artificial satellites and spacecraft sent into space by rockets have made it possible to study planets and satellites.

# Information Technology:

  The invention of the computer is one of the great inventions of the twentieth century. It has revolutionized human life. Computer technology has made it possible to perform medical diagnoses, perform office work accurately and efficiently, conduct scientific research, reserve travel tickets, preserve government and other documents, and control factory production processes. The recent development of 'Internet' technology has made it extremely convenient to exchange information. With the availability of websites related to various subjects on the computer, it has become possible to get uninterrupted information on various subjects. If students studying history want to know about their subject, they can get it by visiting the appropriate website on their computer.

        Apart from the above mentioned discoveries, many other discoveries like X-ray technology, robots, heavy vehicles like tractors, genetic research, development of excellent agricultural seeds, state-of-the-art telephone and mobile technology have paved the way for progress and development.

           All these facilities should be used carefully and with restraint. Otherwise you may face many problems. Pollution, violence and terrorism, rising crime, human rights abuses are some of the problems.

Aircraft built by the Wright brothers

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The Age of Enlightenment in Europe

# The Age of Enlightenment in Europe

Today the continent of Europe is in the forefront in many areas, but the society in medieval Europe was in a backward state.  The clergy had an influence on the society.  People had to accept what they said.  The sermons of the clergy were the main means of gaining knowledge of the people.  Like the religious leaders, the people of the royal family and the sardars and nobles were also important in the society.

## Enlightenment:

This situation in Europe began to change gradually, as ideological awakening took place in Europe in the later period.  It was realized that the feelings of the common man are as important as the religious leaders, sardars and nobles, and that every man has value as an individual.  People understood the idea that one should accept only what suits the intellect.  This ideological awakening is called awakening.
     Awakening took place in Europe for a variety of reasons.

## Printer Search:
The invention of the printing press began around 1450.  Until then it was just a handwritten book.  It was not possible for everyone to read it.  Besides, they were in Latin or Greek.  Ordinary people did not understand these languages.  The art of printing made it possible for many people to read books written in the language of the people.

## New Literature - New Ideas:

Believe in your own intellect, don't rely on what someone else says, 'said Roger Bacon.  The Italian poet Dante wrote a book of poetry called 'Divine Comedy'.  This book describes man's feelings.  The English writer Shakespeare has painted stories based on the emotions of anger, greed and love in his mind.

## Changes in the field of art:
   New types of subjects were also depicted in the fields of painting and sculpture.  Leonardo da Vinci has portrayed the smile on a young woman's face in the film 'Mona Lisa'.  In earlier times, the common man could not be the subject of painting, only paintings based on religious stories.

## Advances in Science:
        Discoveries by astronomers such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Haley provided more information about the planetary system.  The idea that the sun revolves around the earth, that eclipses and comets cause trouble for us, etc., is completely false, man understood.  The scientific approach based on experimentation led to many new discoveries in astronomy as well as in physics, chemistry, physiology, etc.
  
## Geographic research:
         The knowledge of building ships that can travel long distances was acquired in the age of enlightenment.  He also learned the science of making accurate maps.  The compass was informed.  This progress gave impetus to the search for new territories in Europe.
          Until then, the only known trade route from Asia to Europe was known as the land route of Constantinople, now Istanbul.  The land route is the land route.  Etc.  C.  In 1453, the Turks conquered the city from the Roman emperor.  This created a need to find new ways.  Advances in navigation led many brave sailors in Europe to explore new lands around the world.  They include sailors such as Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Vasco-da-Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, and others.  These expeditions led to the discovery of the Americas.  New sea routes to India and other countries in the East became known.

## Reformation Movement:

       The Enlightenment challenged the authority of the clergy and the pope.  Thinkers such as Huss, Ismas, and Martin Luther taught that people should not obey the unjust command of the clergy.  He said that by reading the Bible, people can interpret religion on their own, without the need for religious leaders.  As a result, the winds of individual freedom began to blow in Europe. The social, cultural, economic and political changes that took place in Europe in modern times began in the Enlightenment.

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 Revolution

The changes that take place on a large scale and rapidly in the political, social, religious and economic spheres of social life are called revolutions. The period during which these changes take place is called 'Krantiyug'. In this sense, the eighteenth century was a period of revolution. The War of Independence took place in the United States in the eighteenth century. There was a coup in France. The Industrial Revolution began in England. These events led to some immediate changes in the United States and Europe. We will also briefly look at the events that have affected other parts of the world in the years to come.

American War of Independence:

Amerigo Vespucci's naval expedition led to the discovery of the Americas. After that, people from many European countries moved to these new places and seized the territories there. The people of England established their own colonies in America. The colonies were allowed to provide schooling, open public libraries, set local taxes, and make decisions on other local matters, but they were not allowed to have relations with other countries of the world. England also controlled the trade of these colonies. The main purpose was to use the natural resources of the United States for the benefit of England. In addition, England had the right to collect various taxes from the colonists when needed. An order was issued that the American colonies should bear some of the cost of the war with France.

Such restrictions imposed by England on the colonies were not approved by the American colonies. The colonists started a movement against the tyranny of England, saying, "England has no right to impose taxes on us because we do not have a representative in the Parliament of England. We will not pay taxes."

On July 4, 1776, the American colonies proclaimed their independence.  "All human beings are born equal, everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person, and the people are sovereign," the statement said.  This Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.

The war with England took place under the leadership of George Washington, the leader of the American colonies.  In this war, the American colonies defeated England.  The colonies came together and formed their own 'federation'.  George Washington was elected the first president.  The state can function without a king, this new idea was given by the American War of Independence.

French Revolution:

Etc. C. In 1774, Louis XVI became King of France. He ruled as he pleased. Even the kings who preceded him ruled France in a repressive manner. People were imprisoned for trivial reasons. The king and his chiefs were enjoying themselves. Sardar, Dharmaguru got tax exemption. The burden of taxes fell on the common people. Many were imprisoned on suspicion of plotting against the king. Everyone was being held in the Bastille prison in Paris, the capital of France.

Many French thinkers have spoken out against this injustice to ordinary people. There were many like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau. His ideas inspired ordinary people in France to protest against the king's tyranny. On July 14, 1789, the Bastille, a symbol of injustice, was attacked by the mob. Released prison inmates. France was soon liberated from the tyrannical rule of the king

The values ​​of freedom, equality and fraternity expressed during the French Revolution have helped shape the modern world.

Industrial Revolution:

The trade of the countries of Europe with the countries of the East flourished in the eighteenth century. England had made great strides in trade compared to other European countries. The English merchants felt that their trade should be further enhanced. Around this time, various types of devices were invented in England. John Kay invented the running dhoti. This increased the speed of weaving. Archright successfully piloted a spinning machine on a watermill. These mechanical advances in the textile industry have multiplied the production of textiles. James Watt invented the steam engine. Stephenson built steam-powered locomotives. Discoveries were made that would be useful in increasing agricultural production. Such innovations led to the boom of various industries. Large factories began to be set up and industry flourished. As a result, production increased significantly. This is called the Industrial Revolution.

The increase in production in Europe made European countries feel the need for a market.  They started establishing their own colonies in Asia and Africa.

Railway engine built by Stephenson

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 Arrival of British in India and establishment of power

The English are the inhabitants of England in the European continent. In this lesson, we will learn about how they took over India.

Arrival of European traders in India:

India and Europe have had trade relations since ancient times. Indian goods were in great demand in the European market. In the Middle Ages, this trade was mainly done by land. Later European merchants and kings began to search for sea routes to trade with India.

Portuguese sailors Vasco-da-Gama sailed to South Africa. C. Reached the port of Calicut in India in 1498. He obtained trade concessions from the local Zamorin king. The Portuguese, etc. C. Conquered Goa in 1510. After that, Diu-Daman took over. The Portuguese gained immense wealth in their trade with India. So, after the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French traders came to India.

East India Company:

Some English merchants came together in London to trade with India and set up a trading company. It is called the East India Company. The company was given a charter by the Queen of England to trade with the countries of the East, especially India. C. Received in 1600.

Foundation of power:

At this time India was under Mughal rule. East India Company C. In 1608, Jahangir obtained a license to trade in India from the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Established the company's warehouse at Surat. Commercial goods were stored in the warehouse. Over the next hundred years, the British set up warehouses at various places along the coast of India.

British invasion of Bengal:

The Mughal emperor had granted some concessions to the British in granting trade licenses. The English merchants in Bengal began to abuse these concessions. Without permission, the British began fortifying their warehouses. It was objected by Siraj Uddaula, the Nawab of Bengal. So the British declared war on Siraj Uddaula. Etc. C. In the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British defeated Siraj Uddaula.

The British established their dominance in the province of Bengal. They began to oppress the people in order to get the goods here at cheaper prices. Mir Qasim, the then Nawab of Bengal, in collaboration with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam and the Nawab of Ayodhya, Shuja Uddaula, launched a joint operation to curb the British. These three were captured by the British. C. Defeated at Buxar in 1764. The British got the right to collect revenue from the Mughal emperor, the Diwani of Bengal. Thus the foundation of English power in India was laid in Bengal.

Expansion of the English Empire:

At this time, the power of the Mughal emperor of Delhi was shaken. North India had separate Sikh, Jat and Rohile kingdoms. There were also Marathas, Nizams and other states in the south. Conflicts were going on between them. This weakened the rulers of India. The British took advantage of this.

Marathas as well as Sikhs faced the British. Tipu Sultan Dharatirthi fell while fighting the British. The British went to war with the Marathas. The second Bajirao Peshwa was defeated and Marathi power etc. C. Ended in 1818. Jhashi, Satara, Nagpur, Ayodhya etc. were annexed by the British. The British invaded the Punjab, defeated the Sikhs and captured the Punjab. Thus the British expanded their power in India.

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 National uprising of 1857

The National Uprising of 1857 is an important event in the history of modern India.  There was dissatisfaction in the minds of the people and the soldiers against the British rulers.  The eruption of this discontent was the national uprising of 1857.

Public dissatisfaction:

The people of the country were mired in poverty and unemployment. Farmers are dissatisfied with the increase in tax burden on farmers. The British annexed some of the Rajarajavadas' institutions. Some paid off. Soldiers, artisans, etc. became useless due to the collapse of the organization.

The British made some social reforms in India, stopped the sati movement. Widow marriage approved. By making such laws, people began to feel that the British government was interfering in their religion.

Dissatisfaction among soldiers:

Indian soldiers in the British army were being discriminated against.  They were paid less than the British soldiers.  Promotions were also denied.  He was forced to leave India to fight.  English officials were defaming him.  Soldiers were told not to smell their foreheads or to wear beards.  Such rules caused widespread dissatisfaction among the soldiers.  New types of guns were given to soldiers.  The cartridges used in these guns were wrapped in a sheath, which the soldiers had to break with their teeth.  These covers are covered with cow and pig fat.  The news hurt the feelings of Indian soldiers.  For many such reasons, discontent was everywhere.

Uprising:

On March 29, 1857, a British officer was shot dead by a soldier named Mangal Pandey at a military base in Barakpur, Bengal. They were later given fashi. This sparked an uprising.

Uprising:

The martyrdom of Mangal Pandey inspired the Indian soldiers to fight. The entire Indian regiment in the Meerut camp revolted on 10 May 1857. He openly disobeyed the orders of the English authorities. Soldiers set out for Delhi to rescue Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah from British control. On his way to Delhi, he was joined by soldiers from various military camps. They captured Delhi. Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of India.

After this the wave of armed uprising spread to other parts of North India. Nanasaheb Peshwa, Tatya Tope, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Begum Hazratmahal of Ayodhya, Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of Bihar, Maulvi Ahmadullah led the uprising in their respective regions.

Jasi  ki rani

Nana saheb peshava

Kuvarsing

Tatya tope

There were uprisings in South India as well. Under the leadership of Kajar Singh, the Bhils staged a great uprising in Khandesh. Uprisings took place in Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Satara, Nagpur etc. In the uprising of 1857, Hindus and Muslims fought in unity. The general public, the landlords, supported the uprising.

End of uprising:

Among the leaders of the uprising were Kunwar Singh, Maulvi Ahmadullah and Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah was imprisoned by the British. Nanasaheb Peshwa and Begum Hazrat Mahal took refuge in Nepal. Tatya hats were found in the hands of the British. They were hanged.

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 Consequences of the English monarchy

Before the arrival of the British, India was known as a very prosperous country. India was a leader in the textile industry, handicraft business and production of other merchandise. India's trade was going on all over the world, but due to the economic and trade policies of the British, the flow of wealth from India started flowing to England. From that began the exploitation of India.

The majority of people in India live in villages. They made a living on agriculture. Their daily necessities were made in the village itself. Local artisans were an important link in the Indian economy. This situation changed during the British rule.

The decline of the textile industry:

The textile industry was the largest. Fabrics made in India were very popular in Europe. It was in great demand in Europe.

The British imposed heavy taxes on the Indian textile industry so that textiles made in England could be sold in India.  This created a situation where Indian cloth was expensive and British cloth was cheap.  Such a policy of the British brought down the once thriving Indian textile industry.  Craftsmen and weavers became unemployed.

Other industries lag behind:

इ.स. In 1853, the British started a railway in India. Later, the railway network spread all over the country. This facility allowed British goods to reach the corners of the country. It was not possible for local artisans to compete with the foreign goods produced on the machine. As a result, Indian industry and business sank.

The farmer became poor:

Agriculture was the main source of income for the government. In the past, farms were filled with grain. The British forced the farmers to pay in the form of money. It had to be paid on time. It was not discounted. Farmers did not have cash to pay for farming, so they mortgaged their lands and took loans from moneylenders. If the loan could not be repaid, they had to sell the land.

The British forced the Indian farmers to grow the crops that are in demand abroad and not other crops. Therefore, farmers had to take out cash crops like cotton, tobacco, indigo etc. Cash crops are cash crops. These crops were bought by English traders from them at a lower price and at a higher price. So the peasantry began to move.

Improvements made by the British:

The British exploited India economically, but they also implemented some reforms to facilitate governance. These reforms brought some indirect benefits to the Indians. Railway network spread in India. Convenience of transport like railways led to the growth of Indian relations.

Railway network spread in India. Convenience of transport like railways led to the growth of Indian relations.

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 New Thoughts: New Vision

Western education system was introduced in India during the British rule. New ideas and thoughts started coming to the country.

The progress of Indian society was hampered by undesirable practices such as caste discrimination, gender inequality, sati, child marriage. Modern educated Indian thinkers began to try to change this situation. That was the beginning of the social reform movement.

Raja Rammohan Roy:

Rammohan Roy, the king of the social reform movement in India, was an income promoter.  He had studied Hinduism, Islam and Christianity.  He was adamant that the teachings of all religions were the same.  He strongly criticized the undesirable norms of child marriage and sati.  Through their efforts etc.  C.  In 1829, the British government abolished the Sati Act.

He felt that the society would not prosper without a change in the education system in India. He advocated Western education.

He set up an organization called 'Bramho Samaj' to spread his ideas. He conveyed the message of equality and brotherhood to the society. King Rammohan Roy is called the father of modern India.

Gopal Hari Deshmukh:

Hari Deshmukh used to write in the weekly 'Prabhakar' under the pseudonym 'Lokhitwadi'. He believed that modern education would lead to social reform. He criticized casteism and bigotry in the society. Rewarded the widow. He started the library movement all over Maharashtra. He insisted that only the goods produced in our country should be used.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati:

Swami Dayanand Saraswati was a great thinker who opposed superstition and ritual idolatry in the society. He strongly opposed child marriage and caste discrimination. He was of the view that women have the same right to education as men. He set up an organization called 'Arya Samaj' to spread his ideas to the common people.

Mahatma Jotirao Phule:

Mahatma Phule presented the idea of ​​social reform. He opposed casteism. Schools were set up in Pune to provide education to girls and dalits. He insisted that all people should get modern education. He demanded that primary education should be free and compulsory. He tried to inculcate the values ​​of freedom, equality and brotherhood by setting up an organization called 'Satyashodhak Samaj'. He said that social equality was necessary for the unity and independence of the country. In his writings, Mahatma Phule exposed the injustice done to farmers.

Savitribai Phule:

Savitribai Phule was the first female teacher in India. He taught girls despite the opposition of the society. Raised orphans. Even after the demise of Mahatma Phule, Savitribai continued the work of Satyashodhak Samaj.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was instrumental in the upliftment of the Muslim community. There was a lack of Western education in the Muslim society of that time. He emphasized the need for education for the betterment of the Muslim community. He appealed to Muslim women to pursue Western education. He established an educational institution at Aligarh.

Mahadev Govind Ranade:

Justice Ranade was a leading thinker in the social reform movement. He opposed caste discrimination. Advocated for women's education and widowhood. He emphasized the importance of Western education. He constantly strived for the overall upliftment of the society. He wanted industrial progress in India.

Swami Vivekananda:

Swami Vivekananda preached the message of service to mankind to the whole world.  His teaching was that the true religion is to help the poor, to serve the people unselfishly.  He strongly attacked superstitions, rituals, and undesirable customs.  Opposed casteism.  He set up an organization called 'Ramakrishna Mission' to serve the society.

Tarabai Shinde:

Tarabai Shinde exposes the injustice done to women in her book 'Stripurushatulana'.  Criticizing the undesirable norms and traditions, he said that the sufferings of women should be removed and they should get a dignified place in the society.

Pandita Ramabai:

Pandita Ramabai played an important role in improving the condition of women.  He opposed child marriage.  Promoted widowhood.  He set up an organization called 'Sharda Sadan' to educate widows.

Similar ideas of social reform were expressed by Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vireshlingam Patlu, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Narayan Guru, Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve, Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde, Rajarshi Shahumaharaj etc.  The reform movement was based on the values ​​of modernity and humanity.  This created consciousness in the society.  This gave rise to the national movement.

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 Establishment of National Assembly

With the rise of national awakening, political movements started in different parts of India. Efforts to give it an all-India look also began during this period. The Indian Association held an All India Conference in Kolkata. These efforts led to the idea of ​​establishing a National Assembly.

Indian leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tayyabji, Feroze Shah Mehta, etc., began to feel that there should be an organization at the national level. He co-founded the Indian National Congress, the Indian National Assembly, with Sir Alan Hume, a retired British officer.

First Session of the National Assembly:

The first session of the National Assembly was convened on 28 December 1885 in Mumbai. Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, p. Leaders like Rangaya Naidu, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar etc. participated in it. The convention was presided over by Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee. Many issues facing the country were discussed at the convention. During this period, the conventions of the National Assembly began to be held in different cities every year. The support of the people for the National Assembly was increasing. The National Assembly was an attempt to unite people of all faiths in the national movement.

This unity of the Indians began to seem dangerous to the British government. The government ruled that Indians in government service should not attend National Assembly meetings. It was not in their interest for the Muslim community to participate in the National Assembly, the British began to propagate; But this did not have much effect on leaders like Badruddin Tayyabji. The National Assembly focused on the exploitation of Indians by the British policy and their growing poverty. He demanded that Indians should be given a place in government jobs and the tax burden on farmers should be reduced.

Silent and  Extremist groups:

In the early days of the National Assembly, its leadership was entirely in the hands of the Nemastas, the Mavals. He was confident that the government would accede to his demands if he made statements or applications. He adopted the path of legislative demand reform. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the pioneer of Nemast.

The hopes of the Indians that the British government would accede to the demands of the Indians by considering the petitions were dashed.  As a result, some young people in the National Assembly became restless.  He began to think that the political movement could not move forward by following the path of Nemast.  He believed that the people should unite and fight for their rights.  Those who have such an ideology are called 'Jahal'.  Such youths were led by Lala Lajpatrai Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipinchandra Pal.

Lokmanya Tilak started 'Kesari' and 'Maratha' newspapers. Through these newspapers, he began to make the Indian people aware of their rights. He awakened the national spirit among the people through public Ganpati Utsav and Shiv Jayanti Utsav. He taught people to be fearless and self-respecting through his writings and speeches.

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 The path of the national movement

Lord Curzon partitioned the province of Bengal in 1905. The reason given for partition was given for administrative convenience as the expansion of the province of Bengal was large; But the real purpose behind it was to divide the Hindu and Muslim communities and weaken the national movement. Two provinces, Muslim-majority East Bengal and Hindu-majority Bihar and Orissa, were formed. The National Assembly strongly opposed the partition of Bengal.

Vang -bhang Movement:

The movement against the partition of Bengal is called the Vang-Bhang movement. This movement was led by Surendranath Banerjee. Despite intense agitation against partition, the British government did not cancel the partition of Bengal. Instead, he resorted to repression against the protesters. Protesters were beaten with sticks. In the Vang-Bhang movement, 'Vande Mataram' was the slogan of the protesters. School children who sang these songs were also punished.

There were agitations all over the country against the partition of Bengal. Dadabhai Naoroji gave the message to the Indians, 'Make an unbroken movement'. The National Assembly announced the four-point program of the movement namely Swarajya, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education.

To suppress the national movement, the government adopted a policy of 'divide and rule'. He tried to divide Hindus and Muslims. This led to the formation of the Muslim League in 1906.

To curb the growing power of the national movement, the government imprisoned key leaders of the country. Etc. C. Lokmanya Tilak was arrested in 1908. He was sentenced to six years in prison. The sentencing of Lokmanya Tilak sparked a wave of outrage across the country. Mill workers in Mumbai went on strike for six days against the sentence. Extremist leaders spread the four-point program across India. The movement of breaking the wing became fierce. Finally, the government succumbed to the agitation of the National Assembly. The government canceled the partition of Bengal in 1911.

Home Rule Movement:

Dr. Anne Besant, an Irish scholar, played an important role in India's freedom struggle. He demanded that Indians get the right to self-government. For this he founded the Home Rule League, the Swarajya Sangh, in Chennai. On this basis, Lokmanya Tilak established Swarajya Sangh in Maharashtra. The Swarajya Sangh movement had the support of the general public. Many women joined the movement. The movement created consciousness all over the country. 

The National Assembly was convened in Lucknow in 1916. Swarajya was demanded in this convention. The government felt the need to reduce dissatisfaction among Indians to some extent, so the government passed the Reform Act in 1919.

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 Non-cooperation movement

Lokmanya Tilak died in 1920 and Mahatma Gandhi took over the leadership of the freedom movement.

New Way of Satyagraha:

South Africa was ruled by the British. Some people from India had settled there. They and the black people there were being treated unfairly by the British rulers. Gandhiji had gone to South Africa to pursue a career in law. There he organized them to fight against the injustice done to Indians. For this, he adopted the path of Satyagraha. Satyagraha was the non-violent resistance to oppression, the conversion of an unjust person. Gandhiji brought justice to the people of South Africa through Satyagraha.

Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa in 1915. He realized that Indians were facing many problems during the British rule. For this, Gandhiji decided to run the movement on the path of Satyagraha.

Gandhiji first addressed the issue of farmers in Champaran in Bihar. The British farmers used to force the farmers to grow indigo. Gandhiji satyagraha against this injustice. The peasants were relieved of the hardships of the British cultivators.

There was a drought in Kheda district of Gujarat.  Yet the British government was forcibly recovering the farm.  With Gandhiji's encouragement, the farmers fought against this injustice through satyagraha.  Eventually the government waived the farm.

Roulette Act:

The British government gave Indians some rights under the Reforms Act, but at the same time enacted laws to suppress the Indians. For this, the government enacted the Roulette Act. The law was extremely oppressive. The law gave the government the right to imprison anyone without question. A wave of outrage swept across the country. As per Gandhiji's call to protest against this law, a nationwide strike was observed. The government tried to suppress this movement. 

Jallianwala Bagh massacre:

Due to the strike in Amritsar, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. The government deported Saifuddin Kichlu. A large gathering was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest the deportation. At that moment, General Dyer, a military officer, ordered his troops to open fire. More than 400 people were killed and thousands injured in the shootings. After this incident, the British started atrocities in Punjab. News of this atrocity spread like wildfire across the country. So there was a wave of anger everywhere. In protest of this atrocity, Rabindranath Tagore returned to the government the book 'Sir' given to him by the British government.

Khilafat Movement:

Calling the Sultan of Turkey 'Khalifa'.  All Muslims around the world considered him their religious leader.  Turkey participated in the First World War against England.  The British had assured the Indian Muslims that they would not push the caliph's power to get the Muslims of India to cooperate in the war, but the British did not keep their promise.  As soon as the war ended, they dismembered the Turkish Empire and took possession of parts of it.  This angered Muslims in India.  The movement he started to support the caliph against the British is called the 'caliphate movement'.  The National Assembly actively supported the movement.  In response to this, the leaders of the Khilafat movement supported the non-cooperation movement.

Non-cooperation movement:

Gandhiji was of the opinion that if he did not cooperate with the British, the British would not be able to rule for a single day. For this, the National Assembly approved a program of non-cooperation. The program was designed by the British government to deny respect, not to attend government schools and colleges, to boycott foreign goods, and for lawyers to boycott government court work.

Along with the non-cooperation movement, Gandhiji undertook a constructive program of eradicating untouchability, bringing about Hindu-Muslim unity and banning alcohol.

The non-cooperation movement received a nationwide response. The students enrolled in government schools and got admission in national schools. Many refused to advocate. People made Holi of foreign cloth. Dr. Leaders like Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel etc. took part in this movement. Women were actively involved in this movement.

As the non-cooperation movement gained momentum, so did the government's repression. Satyagrahis staged a peaceful procession at Chaurichaura in Uttar Pradesh. Police in riot gear stormed a rally on Friday, removing hundreds of protesters by truck. Some policemen were killed in the blaze. Gandhiji did not approve of the violent turn of the non-cooperation movement, so he stopped the movement. However, the government arrested Gandhiji.

Although the non-cooperation movement stopped, Satyagraha was taking place in many parts of the country. The government did not appreciate such satyagrahas; Therefore, leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das, etc. should be elected to the legislature and oppose the government's repression there. For this he formed 'Swarajya Paksh'. He opposed the unjust policies of the government in the legislature.

Simon Commission

A committee from England came to India to see how the reforms given to India by the British were implemented. Sir John Simon was the chairman of this committee, hence the name 'Simon Commission'. There was no Indian representative on the committee, so the National Assembly boycotted the Simon Commission. The commission was protested across the country with black flags. Wherever the Simon Commission went, there were slogans like 'Simon go back'. Lala Lajpat Rai led the protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore. He was injured in a police raid at the time. That was the end of it.

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 Civil disobedience

The National Assembly convened in December 1929 at Lahore. The convention was presided over by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The convention passed a resolution of complete independence. On January 26, 1930, the people took the oath of independence. The Lahore Convention also passed a resolution on civil disobedience.

Civil disobedience:

Under Gandhiji's leadership, a civil disobedience movement was started. Civil disobedience is the breaking of oppressive laws with prior notice and the acceptance of punishment without resistance. Salt is an essential element of man's daily life, yet the government imposed a tax on salt; So Gandhiji decided to hold a salt satyagraha against this unjust tax.

Dandi Yatra:

On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi, along with his Sarojini colleagues, set foot from the Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat to the beach at Dandi. The distance from Sabarmati to Dandi was 385 km. On the way, they were met by people from villages. Gandhiji reached Dandi on 5th April. The next day they broke the salt law by picking up salt from the beach. Sarojini Naidu led the Salt Satyagraha at Dharasana in Gujarat.

A chaotic movement began across the country. People broke the forest law by cutting down trees in the forest. The farmers refused to give up farming. Carrying a tricolor flag in his hand, Babu Genu, a mill worker from Mumbai, fell in front of a truck carrying foreign cloth and sacrificed for the country. The civil disobedience movement was led by Northwest Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Mallappa Dhanshetti, Shrikrishna Sarda, Kurban Hussain and Jagannath Shinde were hanged during the Satyagraha at Solapur.

The feature of the civil disobedience movement was the active participation of women, farmers, tribals and dalits.  Many women like Kasturba Gandhi, Avantikabai Gokhale, Hansaben Mehta, Kamla Nehru had participated in it.

Round Table Council:

Three roundtables were held in London to draw up a plan for political reform in India. These three conferences were chaired by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was present. The first conference was not attended by the National Assembly. Babasaheb Ambedkar demanded a democratic state for India from the British government. He also demanded a separate constituency for Dalits. Gandhiji attended the second conference as a representative of the National Assembly. There Gandhiji demanded India's independence, but it was not accepted. The third conference was not attended by any representative of the National Assembly. At the conference, the Prime Minister of England, Ramsay MacDonald, announced the verdict.

Pune Agreement:

According to the caste verdict, Dalits were to be given separate constituencies. Against this, Gandhiji started a fast-unto-death in Yerawada Jail. The leaders of the National Assembly, Dr. He urged Babasaheb Ambedkar to reconsider his demand for an independent constituency. In view of the wider national interest, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar agreed. According to the agreement, Dalits should be given 148 reserved seats in the legislature instead of independent constituencies. This agreement is called 'Pune Agreement'. After the Pune Agreement, Gandhiji went on a hunger strike.

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 Armed revolutionary movement

The Indian National Assembly adopted a peaceful, non-violent and legislative path to make India independent; But some young people did not believe that India could become independent in this way. So they took the path of armed revolution.

Before the formation of the National Assembly, Umaji Naik, Vasudev Balwant Phadke in Maharashtra, Rani Channama of Kittur in Karnataka and Ramsinh Kuka in Punjab had staged armed uprisings against the British rule. In 1897, the plague had spread in Pune. Rand, the officer assigned to deal with the plague, oppressed the people. So the Chafekar brothers killed Rand. The Chafekar brothers were hanged for this. Around this time, the tribals in Bihar under the leadership of Birsa Munda staged an armed uprising against the British rule. Jadonang, a Naga leader from Manipur, revolted against the British. They were hanged. He was then led by his queen Gaidinlu.

Innovative India:

The revolutionaries formed secret organizations to deal with the oppression of the British government. In Maharashtra, in 1904, a secret organization called 'Abhinav Bharat' was established in Nashik. Babarao Savarkar and his brother Vinayak Damodar Savarkar were instrumental in founding this organization. Babarao Savarkar was sentenced to life imprisonment. Anant Laxman Kanhere, a member of this organization, assassinated Nashik Collector Jackson. Kanhere was hanged.

When freedom fighter Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was in England, he used to secretly send weapons to revolutionaries in India. He was sentenced to fifty years in prison for his actions against the British government. He was imprisoned in the Andamans for this harsh punishment. After some time he was brought to Ratnagiri. The government later released him.

Practice Committee:

Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization working in Bengal. The organization was founded by Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Jatindranath Banerjee. Kingsford, a tyrannical judge in Muzaffarpur, had severely punished several youths of the indigenous movement. The revolutionary Khudiram Bose dropped the bomb on Kingsford's car. So he was sentenced to death. Several activists of the Anushilan Samiti were arrested. Arvind Ghosh was one of them. He used to guide this organization.

Along with Maharashtra and Bengal, revolutionary movements gained momentum in other parts of the country as well. He set up revolutionary centers in Punjab, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. Revolutionary work was also going on in Madras province.

India House:

Revolutionaries in India used to get help from Indians who had settled abroad. Barrister Shyamji Krishna Verma was one of such helpers. He founded India House in London. His residence became the center of the Indian revolutionary movement. Shyamji Krishna Verma used to give scholarships to nationally minded Indians coming to England for higher studies. Swatantrya Veer Savarkar had got the benefit of this scholarship. With the help of this center, Senapati Bapat, Hemchandra Das and Miz Abbas got information about making bombs. She supplied revolutionaries in India. Curzon Wylie, a British officer, was opposed to the India House movement, so he was assassinated by the revolutionary Madanlal Dhingra. Dhingra was sentenced to death for this.

Madam Kama was an associate of Shyamji Krishna Verma. He raised the question of India's independence at the International Socialist Conference held in Stuttgart, Germany. It was at this conference that the flag of India, designed by Madame Cama, was hoisted.

Ghadar organization:

The main objectives of the Ghadar organization were to give impetus to the anti-British revolution, to build combat troops to make India independent. Lala Hardayal, Dr. Khankhoje founded the Ghadar Association.

Hindustan Republican Association:

Sachindranath Sanyal, Rajendra Lahiri, Ashfaq Ullah-Khan, etc. founded the Hindustan Republican Association in 1924. The aim of this organization was to overthrow the British rule and establish a republic in India. Money was needed for revolution. To establish it, the revolutionaries looted the government treasury near Kakori railway station on August 9, 1925. Several members of the organization were arrested and sentenced to death, but Chandrasekhar Azad was not apprehended by the police.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrasekhar Azad, etc. founded the secret organization 'Hindustan Socialist Republican Association' in 1928. Chandrasekhar Azad was the head of the army department of this organization.

The British government introduced two bills in the Central Legislature that restricted the rights of workers and the political rights of the people. To oppose the bill, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt dropped the bomb during a meeting of the Central Legislature, but took care not to injure anyone while dropping it, declaring it 'Inquilab Zindabad'.

Saunders was a British officer responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai's death, so Saunders was assassinated. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were charged with the murder and hanged. Chandrasekhar Azad was killed in a clash with police.

Meerut Case :

It was around this time that the labor movement gained momentum. This movement was influenced by socialist ideas. To stop it, the government arrested leaders like Shripad Amrit Dange, Miraj Kar, Nimbkar, Muzaffar Ahmed etc. He was accused of plotting to overthrow the British government at a conference of leaders held in Meerut. The case filed against him is known as 'Meerut Cut case'.

Chittagong Cut:

In Bengal, Shanti Ghosh, Suniti Chaudhary and Bina Das were involved in the armed revolution.

The revolutionary movement played an important role in the Indian independence struggle.

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 'Leave' movement

World War II began in 1939. The British government, against the wishes of the Indians, sided with India in the war on the side of England. . To condemn this, the National Assembly started a personal satyagraha movement. Acharya Vinoba Bhave was selected as the first Satyagrahi in this movement. After that many Satyagrahi S joined the movement. The British wanted the full cooperation of the Indians for the war. The National Assembly refused to extend such full cooperation without establishing a national government in India. The British rejected this demand of the National Assembly. This created an anti-British atmosphere in India.

In the convention held on 8th August 1942 in Mumbai, a resolution was tabled to 'Leave'. The National Assembly blew the trumpet of the fight against the British monarchy. Addressing the people at the convention, Gandhiji conveyed the message 'Karenge ya marenge' and said that from this moment on, Indians should consider themselves independent. In the pursuit of freedom, we must either succeed or make sacrifices. The 'Leave' resolution was approved by the National Assembly by a huge majority. Gandhiji's speech overwhelmed the Indian people and prepared them for the last struggle for independence.

'Leave' movement:

The government was ready to suppress the agitation even before it started. On the morning of August 9, prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Maulana Azad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, etc. were imprisoned. Hundreds of activists were arrested across the country in connection with the 'Leave' movement. The government had hoped that the agitation would subside, but it turned out to be a fallacy.

The arrest of key leaders sparked a mass movement against the government across the country. Meetings were held everywhere, marches were started, strikes were called. Demonstrations were held. Everywhere there was a demand that the British should leave India.

The movement included women, students, farmers, dalits, tribals, workers etc. In Nandurbar, school children marched with tricolors. Announced 'Leave'. Students Shirish Kumar, Laldas, Dhansukhlal, Ghanshyam and Shashidhar were killed in the firing on the procession.

Rankandan started literally between the police and the people all over the country. Farmers and tribals did not hesitate to oppose the British. They seized police posts in some rural areas and seized weapons. At the same time, with the inspiration of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj, the people staged huge agitations at Yavali, Chimur and Ashti.

Government offices, schools and colleges were flooded. School children also marched. There were slogans like 'Vande Mataram', 'Bharat Mata Ki Jai'. It was now impossible for the British government to rule. The government arrested the leaders.

Underground movement:

Around this time, some leaders went underground and organized an anti-government movement. Jaiprakash Narayan, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia, Achutrao Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani, Sane Guruji, S. M. Joshi and others were included in it. They formed squads of youth. The teams secretly printed leaflets, operated radio stations, cut telephone wires, and so on. This underground movement even reached the peasantry.

Usha Mehta took over the responsibility of running the underground radio station in Mumbai. Aruna Asfali remained underground and led the movement.

Jaiprakash Narayan

usha mehta 

aruna asfali

Counter government:

During this period, the influence of the movement increased in some parts of India. The people took charge of the place. He collected land revenue and appointed panchayats. Established a counter-government of the people. Such counter-governments were established at Midnapore in Bengal, Purnia in Bihar and Satara in Maharashtra.

The Indians carried out the agitation fearlessly with the determination of 'Karenge Ya Marenge'. The fear of the British in the minds of the people disappeared.

Krantisinha Nana Patil

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Azad Hind Sena

Azad Hind Sea

World War II had weakened England's economy. The people there were also affected by the war. So England was in trouble. Taking advantage of this situation, the National Assembly should launch an anti-British armed movement, said Subhash Chandra Bose. So the British government panicked. The government arrested Subhash Chandra Bose and put him in jail. There he began a deadly hunger strike. Due to his ill health, he was later placed under house arrest at his home in Kolkata.

Subhash Chandra Bose sought the help of the German government for India's independence. He tried to unite the Indian people in Europe. Launched 'Azad Hind Radio Center' in Berlin. In his speeches from time to time from this center, he appealed to the Indians to wage an armed struggle against the British for independence.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

Azad Hind Sena:

The Indian revolutionary Rashbehari Bose was living in Japan at that time. Japan had conquered Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar and other territories from the British. Rashbehari Bose had formed the 'Hindi Swatantrya Sangh' by forming an association of Indians in the region. He formed the 'Azad Hind Sena' of Hindi soldiers in the British army which fell into the hands of Japan. He sent an invitation to Subhash Babu to lead her. Subhash Chandra Bose came to Tokyo after a tough sea voyage of thousands of kilometers from Germany. He accepted the leadership of Azad Hind Sena there.

Rashbehari Bose

In the Azad Hind Sena, she formed a women's group called 'Jhashichi Rani'. The team is led by Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan had. The team consisted of women like Janaki Thivi, Bela Dutt etc.

Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan

The 'Azad Hind Government' was formed under the chairmanship of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. This government was recognized by Japan, Germany, Italy and other nations. The Azad Hind government took control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and hoisted the tricolor there. Andaman was called 'Shaheed' and Nicobar was called 'Swarajya'.

Let's go to Delhi:

The Azad Hind Sena marched from Singapore to make India independent. Announcing 'Let's go to Delhi', the Azad Hind Sena left for India. On entering the Arakan and Kohima regions of India, she fought a fierce battle with the British army. It became impossible to run further campaigns. The torrential rain began. It also became difficult to get help from Japan. Due to these difficulties, the Azad Hind Sena withdrew. On August 18, 1945, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's plane crashed and he died.

Officers of the Azad Hind Sena were captured while against the British. A military court convicted the officers and sentenced them to life in prison, but there were strong protests against the British government. In the end, the punishment was revoked after seeing the public outcry.

Rise of the Navy:

The Azad Hind Sena also had an impact on the Indian Navy and Air Force. They began to think that we should rise up against them for the sake of the motherland, rather than doing the job of the British.

On 18 February 1946, Indian sailors aboard the warship 'Talwar' stationed at the port of Mumbai staged an uprising against the British rule. He lowered the British flag 'Union Jack' on the boat and hoisted the tricolor.

Airmen from Delhi, Lahore, Ambala and Meerut also went on strike, urging the rebels to return to work immediately or face disciplinary action, but to no avail. The anti-British uprising continued. He also got the support of the general public in some places.

The Indian Army was the mainstay of British rule in India. That foot was starting to tingle now. Therefore, the British realized that it was difficult for them to maintain their power in India for a long time.

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